Smitty :: essays research papers

Hello my name is R, I had been candidaturening undercut all through gritty school and am just about to start my senior season. I had never been great, but good enough to make states last year in the 100 meter dash. Up until this year (When I transferred to Newark after 3 years at Hodgson) our only coaches were only temporary or who only coached track because they needed some more spending money on their paycheck. Some were even athletes themselves before they let themselves go and now wanted to relive their fantasies of supremacy through our hard thrash and sweat.This winter though, events will change. I have an experienced track coach who has championships to prove it and also cares of his athletes as if they were his children. He had run track in both high school and college but chose to be a coach for the love on the sport. His name is Smitty (as though we call him) and he was my ideal coach and person since he obviously was better at it than any of my other coaches. Not onl y that, but he has more furore than anyone else on the team and all my other coaches. Add to that the fact that he was more successful than most of the coaches in the state in sending athletes to college. He is also a very stern coach that comes with extremely hard workouts. If he hadnt been one of the nicest and most helpful people in the world things dexterity have gotten ugly between him and I very quickly because at Hodgson I didnt practice much. Instead, he became one of my best friends, as well(p) as part of my family.I dont know exactly why, but Smitty seemed to make me his special project for the season( Calling me the next Brandon Reeves). From the first day of meeting him he pushed me harder than anyone else, spent more time with me and made sure that I pushed myself. Maybe it was because I ran the same distances he ran, but then again so did a few of the other guys. Maybe it was because he saw something in me that none of the other coaches had. I wasnt sure what it was , but at times I enjoyed the bare attention, on the other hand I am sure that I will hate it when he makes me run the extra distance or work extra hard.

Website Analysis, Williams Principles :: essays research papers

The design of a website, as a whole, still involves many of the identicalprinciples as a linear document. That is, tune, alignment, repetitionand proximity should be consistent throughout the site. Choosing logicalflexibility within these design elements posterior enhance a website to adesired level. On the flip side, overemphasizing differences betweenpages can lead to a poor design. The following analysis strays fromapplying the design principles in a traditional sense as we take a look how they ar applied to the document as a whole. The Centre for Sustainable Design maintains a simple, yet professionalappealing website. Style decisions using contrast on a black backgroundfor the homepage give the site a preliminary degree of credibility becauseit has been made known that the majority believes that white and blackcontrast is the easiest to read. Of course there is a san-serif font, likemost other websites because serifs seem to be more difficult to read on acomputer screen. r epetition in the focal graphics on the homepage beginsto lead the hearing to a comfort level within the site. The generaltemplate remains the same, with the navigation macrocosm on the left and thetop, maintaining its black color and when you click one of the main focalpoints on the homepage, one of the four pictures, it takes you to anotherpage that still prevail that same picture/focal point to a degree.Specifically, the repetition of size (170x142pixels), color (greyscale),and angle variance in the graphics create a complimenting montage. each(prenominal)of the repetitious graphics also lead way into the article theyrepresent. A repetitious feature is also utilized in the navigation bar supra thegraphics. A mouse rollover displays a description of each topic area. The text appears on a white-on-black contrast in the upper right corner,again in the lead the audience to what lies within the page. However, oncethe site is entered, the navigation bar loses the rollover feature. Theycould have simply copied the code from the homepage and changed the colorof the text to allow for the repetition of the rollover feature. Thiswould allow the audience to read the descriptions from pages within thesite to determine their interest. The authors of this homepage may haveguessed that the user would have looked at all the rollover informationbefore deciding on which leave to click on, therefore, making the rolloverunnecessary in the following pages. However, making assumptions like thatusually are not what really happens, the design should be the samethroughout, with the same rollover text as the homepage to help the

Human Nature in Lord of the Flies Essay -- essays

Human Nature in Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies, by William Golding, is a captivatingnarrative in which the reader lives through the trials andtribulations of a society set up and run by a group of abandon British teens. Golding believes that the basicnature of the individual is evil. The group ultimately provesthis thesis by their actions. The evils of the individual areshown through the actions of the groups hunter Jack, themurders of devil members of the society, Simon and Piggy, theattempted murder of the groups leader Ralph, and the ultimatedestruction of the island.Jack has a natural longing to be number one, he was notsatisfied with being the leader of the hunters, and thisultimately caused many of the conflicts in the novel. Jack asa senior member of the group felt that he had either right tobe the leader and in this he caused the downfall of thesociety. He used the skills he learned as the leader of thehunters to turn the society against Ralph and the members thatwould not follow him in his quest to be number one.Simon is the...

handmaids tale Essay -- essays research papers

The central social hierarchy within the novel is the gender hierarchy, placing men in a position of radical index finger. This is evident in every aspect of the book, as the entire Gilead society is male dominated. The Commander is at the top of the hierarchy and is involved with designing and establishing the real society taking control of a nation of women, and exploiting their power by controlling what is taught, what they can teach themselves and the words that they can use. Soon totally of the women lead become brainwashed, simply because it is made nearly impossible to defy the rulesThe Eye is the next highest up and are used as spies to keep the society the federal agency it is and make sure no one consorts against it. Angels are next because they are men so they are higher then all women. Their job is to make sure they are all safe and basically the police force. Men are the only ones who may drive cars, own property, view bank accounts, work, or even read from the B ible or any former(a) text. The next highest up is the commanders wife. She has writes and privileges about all other women. Aunts are responsible for getting the handmaidens ready for their society. They pound the ideas of the new culture into the handmaids head so that when they enter it seems normal. Handmaids are the next class, they are the only women who can reproduce they are compel to have children for upper class couples women are often compromised by a forced sexual nature, thereby allowing them to be blamed for problems of conception. Handmaids show which Commander owns them by adopting their Commanders names, such as Fred, and preceding them with Of. I.e. Offred is one of these unfortunate servants who are only remedy to exist depends on her ovaries productivity. She lives with her commander and his wife in a highly supervised centre. All female characters in the text are only mentioned in relationship to a male owner of some sort. We find out about how women are trea ted as walking wombs when the Red Centre as well as known as the Rachel and Leah Centre. As the basis of the novel it is replicated many times throughout the book, it is found in the family reading before the monthly ceremonies, and in Rachels plea give me children, or else I die. This really puts emphasis on the threat to the Handmaids life. By failing to produce a child, they will be classed as Unwomen and sent to the Colonies to... ...they train the handmaids. You could tell them what you believed and hope for change. The commanders wife has privileges but a rough deal too because the commander still thinks of her as a charwoman and not an equal. As the wife I would try to put in his head that not al sex has to be for procreation.As a handmaid or lower options are almost none. You have to make friends and trusted allies to make a difference. There is strength in numbers, but it would be imperative that it remain secretive. But in the end I think its hopeless for them in the so ciety they are in. I think The Handmaids Tale is a direct warning to modern society, Atwood underlines that all the points in her novel have occurred in the world previously, and if a half truth establishes itself, it could take place again. It would be hard to know who to trust because of the eye. But I think that their society would not let any women be in a position of power over a man so women can be more trusted. The angels would not be able to be trusted because the young guys are to lieu fast on their principals and can do irrational things. Your best bet would be to make friends with all the commanders.

Baboons :: essays papers

BaboonsBaboons belong to the Old World monkey family, Cercopithecidae. They are found in Africa, south of the Sahara as well as in the Saudi Arabia desert (Class Notes 6/12/01). There are five subspecies of baboons including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive baboons. BABOONS AND THEIR HABITATThe baboon is the most widespread primate in Africa. Well-known for their remarkable ability to adapt, baboons can be found in a variety of habitats, ranging from semi-desert to rainforest, and from coastal areas to mountains. Their adaptability also extends to their feeding habits baboons will eat meet about anything. The baboons diet includes a wide variety of plants, of which they eat every part leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, roots, bulbs, tubers, seeds, shoots, bark and even sap. As for meat, these resourceful monkeys will eat insects, shellfish, mild reptiles and amphibians, rodents, birds, fish, eggs and even young antelope or livestock. Several kinds of baboons live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These include the hamadryas baboon, which lives on plains and rocky hills of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa near the deprivation Sea, and the chacma baboon, which inhabits rocky regions and open woodlands in southern Africa. Olive baboons inhabit the Kekopey cattle spreading located near the town of Gilgil, Kenya. The central part of the ranch consists of open quite a littleland studded with occasional patches of bushy shrub, scattered thornbush, and small groves of giant fever trees (Smuts 17). They eat a wide variety of foods including insects, flowers, leaves, fruits of bushes and herbs, and most significant of all, the grass itself. Baboons eat the green blades of grass during the rainy seasons and dig for corms-the underground storage organ of sedge grasses-when the ranch is dry (Smuts 17-18). They can carry food in pouches inner their cheeks. Probably the most serious predators of baboons are the large carnivores such as cheetahs and leopards. Baboons live mostly on the ground but sleep in such places as trees or cliffs. Throughout Africa baboons achieve some protection from nocturnal predators by sleeping in tall trees or on cliffs (Smuts 19). Usually for each one troop sleeps on a different cliff, but occasionally two troops will share a single sleeping site.In amplification to the predators previously mentioned, baboons share their range with antelope as well as other large mammals including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African buffalo.

Baboons :: essays papers

BaboonsBaboons belong to the Old World monkey family, Cercopithecidae. They are found in Africa, southward of the Sahara as well as in the Saudi Arabia desert (Class Notes 6/12/01). There are five subspecies of baboons including the hamadryas, the Guinea, the yellow, the chacma, and the olive baboons. BABOONS AND THEIR HABITATThe baboon is the well-nigh widespread primate in Africa. Well-known for their remarkable ability to adapt, baboons can be found in a miscellanea of habitats, ranging from semi-desert to rainforest, and from coastal areas to mountains. Their adaptability also extends to their cater habits baboons will eat just about anything. The baboons diet includes a wide variety of plants, of which they eat every part leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, roots, bulbs, tubers, seeds, shoots, bark and even sap. As for meat, these capable monkeys will eat insects, shellfish, small reptiles and amphibians, rodents, birds, fish, eggs and even young antelope or livestock. Severa l kinds of baboons live in Africa and southwestern Arabia. These include the hamadryas baboon, which lives on plains and rocky hills of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and eastern Africa near the Red Sea, and the chacma baboon, which inhabits rocky regions and open woodlands in southern Africa. Olive baboons inhabit the Kekopey cattle ranch located near the township of Gilgil, Kenya. The central part of the ranch consists of open grassland studded with occasional patches of bushy shrub, scattered thornbush, and small groves of giant fever trees (Smuts 17). They eat a wide variety of foods including insects, flowers, leaves, fruits of bushes and herbs, and most significant of all, the grass itself. Baboons eat the green blades of grass during the rainy seasons and dig for corms-the underground storage organ of sedge grasses-when the ranch is dry (Smuts 17-18). They can ingest food in pouches inside their cheeks. Probably the most serious predators of baboons are the large carnivores such as cheetahs and leopards. Baboons live mostly on the ground tho sleep in such places as trees or cliffs. Throughout Africa baboons achieve some protection from nocturnal predators by sleeping in tall trees or on cliffs (Smuts 19). Usually each troop sleeps on a different cliff, but occasionally two troops will share a sensation sleeping site.In addition to the predators previously mentioned, baboons share their range with antelope as well as other large mammals including zebra, warthog, jackals, and African buffalo.

Language: The Fatal Weapon in Othello Essay

phraseology is especially tricky because of all the possibilities it can manage. Be quiet versus close up is one example of the power that nomenclature holds. Rumors are another example of how powerful language can be when it passes with a received set of ear lobes some people are shattered by the rumors floating around about them. Othello is a play that takes the intricacies of languagethe way something is give tongue to versus what is actually beingness saidto show the dire consequences put into effect when someone hears something a certain way.The following three passages will examine how language hides and reveals something about Othello, Iago and Desdemona, and how it is ultimately the downfall of the characters. Jealous Iago uses language like a cunning fox, hiding behind his words to get to his prey. Othello in warp is slow deceived, himself suspicious and paranoid because of the viral words strategically planted throughout. In the third scene of the third act, Iagos use of language makes him real clear to the audienceby this point the audience is rise up aware that Iago is jealous of Othello, moreover eager nonetheless to hide this fact from Othello.But it is this scene that to the highest degree reveals Iago to the world, when Iago may not be at all visible to himself. Saying of jealousy, It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock/The meat it feeds on (166-167). Iago may be jealous of Othello by this point in the play, but he seems either unaware of it or in denial of it. To speak of jealousy in this way at present to Othellothe object of his envyis to suggest that Iago may not be fully conscious of his own jealousy.Perhaps if Iago were to realize what he was saying, he might suck changed course and decided against pointing a finger at Cassio. Yet clearly he goes on, That cuckold lives in bliss/Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger (166-168). Iago could very well be describing himself here, ignorant of his own jealousy towa rd Othello, whom he obviously does not truly love. He is hiding not only from Othello but from himself as well, but psychologically he is rather apparent to the audience, for which Othello will unknowingly kill.Desdemonas language reveals her purity even when faced with accusations, even when she is unsure of what exactly she is being accused. When Othello tells her she must die by his hand, when her sins are her love for him, and before he tells her why he must kill her, she says, These are portents but yet I hope, I hope,/They do not point on me (45-46). She knows he is accusing her of something, but in her pure love for Othello she dares to hope that he is not charging her. here(predicate) she is hiding from herself, knowing full well that, Some bloody passion shakes your very frame (44) means that Othello is indeed pointing on her for some crime. Desdemonas purity, revealed through her speech, further enrages Othello, for in his jealousy he sees her shock and fear as further pro of that he must kill her for dishonoring him and their marriage. The audience, however, is fully aware of Desdemonas purity and honesty honesty in the marital sense to Othello, even if she is not honest with herself at this crucial time.This self-deception reveals how pure her love is by showing how she does become self-righteous or quick to anger and resentment. In the face of an unjustified accusation and obvious mistrust, Desdemona stands her ground in her love, taking her penalisation though protesting it, That deaths unnatural that kills for loving (42). Yet she dies for loving. Othello shows through his speech how utterly ignorant and blind he has been throughout the play, O unimportant boast /Who can control his fate? tis not so now (264-265).Here he is resigned to his fate, to falling to his weaknesses despite his obvious strengths, Here is my journeys end (267). For killing Desdemona he feels incredible guilt, and does not wish to go on. This reveals Othellos regret, and in turn reveals his acknowledgement of wrongdoing and sorrow at his actions. Othello could very well have stuck to Iagos story without implicating himself, but through his jealousy he was able to see that Emilia was telling the truth, and for that he is truly sorry.Language is the fatal weapon in Othello. Jealous Iago uses it to verbally plant seeds of doubt and jealousy into Othellos mind. Desdemona in turn can say nothing to sustain herself from Othellos jealous rage. Othello himself ultimately realizes he was duped by it into killing the woman he loved and who loved him in return. The subtle complexities of language can turn a normally level headed person into a foaming, jealous beast who mistrusts his gut, and Othello was no exception.

Life of Pi Animals Essay

Acting and speaking before THINKING, this goes back to a humans primitive stage. We are all animals, in the sense that we are mammals. Manifested through our psyche or personality, each animal has a different representation. From personality traits, behavior or even symbolism, animals permit the ability to portray these features in humans. In Yann Martels Life of Pi, four distinct animals are manifested in the main characters (Pi Patel)spirit. These four animals a zebra, which symbolizes the struggle to survive and docility, the orangutan a nurturing mother personality, the hyena for desperation and evil, then lastly the tiger, Richard Parker which represents perseverance and companionship.When one visits the zoo, the most submissive creature there to see is the zebra. Marked with bold black and white stripes to show endurance, the zebra is still indecisive and unassertive. Relating back to Pi Patel, even from the beginning of the novel he cannot make up his mind close which rel igion to follow. This shows when his indetermination leads him from being a Muslim, to Hinduism, to Christianity. Also, as the hyena attacks the zebra for food, the animal strives to defend himself by thrashing about the boat. Severely wounded and painfully struggling to fight the battle, zebras determination to stay alive and survive the attack from the hyena. This is also a small wake up call to Pi who is also growing weak day in and day out while a hungry Bengal tiger sleeps only a few feet away. However the need to survive and the life of force is a character trait that the zebra and Pi Patel have in common, not to mention uncertainty.

Gum Disease

Sodaly Chhun Prof. Linda M whollyen Due Date 4/17/13 Research Paper The pitch of put onwood malady on Human Health. People think the way to vex a charming smile is to produce white teeth. However, that is not all there is to hurt wakeless oral wellness. Healthy mumble waver also is an substantial part of tooth structure which en fittings our wellnessy bright smile. Healthy gingivas arnt just important for your oral health, just now they can also be important for your overall health. Numerous research studies suggest that other long-term, chronic health conditions can be associated with periodontal infirmitys, a gum infirmity.Most studies suggest a possible wed in the midst of periodontal diseases to other more serious chronic health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, and maternal quality complications. The most earthy type of gum diseases is gingivitis which is a mild form of infection of gum. According to Marian Mehegan, DDS, a regional womens health c oordinator, gingivitis grows red, swollen gums, and it can also make the gums bleed easily. This form of gum disease does not lead to loss of bone or tissue around the teeth. However, in a prolonged untreated period, it can become a periodontal disease (Womenshealth. ov). Based on PubMed Health, the US National library of Medicine, periodontitis is defined as an tinder and an infection of the ligaments and bones that donjon the teeth (Ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth). periodontal disease occurs when resulting inflammation or infection of the gums is untreated or discussion is delayed. Infection and inflammation spreads from the gums to the ligaments and bone that support the teeth. As a result, the teeth become loose and eventually fall out. wiz of the most chronic health conditions like to problem with healthy gum is heart disease.For a century the idea of a link betwixt oral health and the heart has been around. hardly its only been in the last 20 years that some health professionals commit taken this link seriously enough to recommend dental tuition as a way of reducing the riskiness of heart disease. They swear that there is a connection between serious gum disease and cardiovascular condition. According to Dr. Kevin Marzo, Chief of Cardiology at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, New York, The bacterium that showcase dental establishment may promote inflammation in the consistence eyond the gumshield including the lining of the channel vessels, increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease including heart barrages,(Cbsnews. com). In the said(prenominal) way, the scientists believe there is a connection between gum disease and atherosclerosis which energizes heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a hardening of arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits on the lining of artery walls. It causes high blood pressure, stroke, and coronary thrombosis thrombosis (Dictionary of Medicine 24). According to the Fox news interviewed wit h Dr.Peter Lockhart, a professor of oral medicine at the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlotte, N. C, there are deuce main theories are thought to explain how gum disease could contribute to coronary heart disease. One proposes that bacteria, which grow between your teeth and cause plaque to build-up, can enter the bloodstream when your gum starts bleeding, which happens easily if you have gum disease. For example, mouth bacteria can enter the bloodstream during dental procedure and by tooth brushing.Once in the blood stream, these organisms splice to pre-existing fatty deposits in coronary arteries (those that supply blood to the heart). This leads to inflammation, which may cause blood clots that can decrease blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack. The siemens theory proposes these oral bacteria of gum disease cause the body to vex antibodies that attack receptors on the cells lining the blood vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction. This inflammation may play a r ole in the further development of fatty deposits lining the artery walls that can cause blockages (Foxnews. om/health). However, the substantiation supporting the idea that think gum disease to heart disease has always been controversial. Hence, the American Heart affiliation reviewed 500 journal articles and studies and then concluded that there was no clear evidence that gum disease causes heart disease, or that treating gum disease would have any effect on those with a heart condition. Nevertheless, the review did find gaps in the understanding of the interaction between gum disease and heart disease and called for more research. Scientists have identified the same risk concomitantors for both heart and gum disease.As Lockhart said, Individuals who do not pay attention to the very powerful and well-proven risk factors like smoking, diabetes or high blood pressure may not pay close attention to their overall health, either,(Foxnews. com/health). In short, if you smoke, have poor nutrition, diabetes, or are from a lower socio-economic background, then you are at higher risk of developing gum disease, but these factors also contribute to heart disease. Next, the scientists believe that there is a two way relationship between gum disease and diabetes.First, people with diabetes are at special risk for gum disease. in that respect is a clear relationship between degree of blood sugar and severity of periodontitis. In the article, People with Diabetes at High Risk for Developing Gum Disease, by theAcademy of General dentistry, it claimed that diabetes reduces the bodys resistance to infection, so the gums are at risk for gingivitis (Knowyourteeth. com). Studies have shown that those with diabetes are more susceptible to the development of oral infections and periodontal (gum) disease than those who do not have diabetes.For example, dry mouth, often a type of undetected diabetes, can cause soreness, ulcers, infections, gum disease, and tooth decay. Accord ing to Preshaw PMet al, The mechanisms that underpin the links between these two conditions are not completely understood, but involve aspects of immune functioning, neutrophil activity, and cytokine biology (Ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). In addition, theres a suggestion that if a individual gum disease, it susceptibility predispose them to increase their risk of developing diabetes, because of the persistent infection in their body.While inflammation plays an obvious role in periodontal diseases, evidence in the medical literature also supports the role of inflammation as a major component in the cause of diabetes and diabetic complications. According Preshaw PM et al. , Incidences of macroalbuminuria, which is a high levels of albumin in the urine related to kidney disorder, and end-stage renal disease are increased twofold and threefold, respectively, in diabetic individuals who also have severe periodontitis compared to diabetic individuals without severe periodontitis (Ncbi. lm. nih. gov). Therefore, by controlling your blood sugar, brushing and flossing every day, and visiting a dentist regularly, you can stand by prevent gum disease. Also, by maintaining good oral hygiene habits, it means you can reduce the risk of infection and inflammation which are the factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetes complications. Finally, gum disease has been linked to premature birth and low birth weight. Until now, it was thought that having gum disease could raise your risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.Researchers have not been able to confirm this link, but studies are still under way to learn more. Pregnant women may have the craving for salty and sweet food and develop red, swollen gums that bleed easily. This condition is called maternal quality gingivitis. motherliness gingivitis commonly becomes apparent later in the second month of gestation and worsens as the pregnancy progresses originally reaching a peak in the eighth month. In the last month of gestation, gingivitis usually decreases andfollwing post-partum the gingival tissues are found to be comparable to those seen during the second month of gestation.Doctor Mehegan stated that, pregnancy gingivitis is due to both poor oral hygiene and higher hormone levels (Women health. gov). According to a research called Pregnancy Gingivitis and Periodontitis and Its Systemic Effect by Kaur,Kharband Rai, pregnant women are likely to have swollen gums and bleeding during brushing because the inflammatory response to dental plaque is increased. With the hormonal changes of pregnancy, also termed as pregnancy gingivitis, both estrogen and progesterone increase gingival inflammation.However, it is not known if the pregnancy related gingival changes might be explained by increased vascularity and vascular flow alongside alterations in the immune system and/or changes in connective tissue metabolism. Nevertheless, the anatomy structure of tissue of pregnancy gingivitis is not different fr om that of the gingivitis in non-pregnancy state (Ispub. com). More recently, in the article, Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy by the Academy of General Dentistry suggested that periodontitis may also pose a challenge to the developing fetus.The excessive bacteria can enter the bloodstream through the pregnancy womens gums the bacteria can travel to the uterus, triggering the production of chemicals called prostaglandins, which are suspected to induce premature labor (Knowyourteeth. com). All in all, there is no scientific data, thus far, to support the belief that getting regular dental treatment, particularly regarding scenarios of pregnancy-related periodontal disease, helps reduce the risk of preterm low-birth-weight babies. However, there are other overall health advantages to the mother, not to name the more obvious oral health advantages.In conclusion, there is a potential link between gum diseases to chronic health conditions including heart disease, diabetes, and pregnanc y complications. The scientists powerfully believe in connection between gum diseases and heart disease based on two theories. One theory claimed that sure oral bacteria, which cause heart problems, get into the heart through the bloodstream when there is a cut in the gum. Another theory emphasized that the bacteria of gum disease causes an inflammation reaction in the blood vessel which may resulting in development of fatty deposits that block the artery blood vessel.Regarding the connection between gum disease and diabetes, the health experts believe that diabetes patients are at high risk for gum diseases, and it is vice versa a serious gum disease could make diabetes patients ticklish in control blood sugar. Finally, gum disease might link to preterm labor and low birth weight. Pregnancy women are at risk to pregnancy gingivitis due to the change in hormones, which could change the volume of gum tissues, and the combination of dental plaque. Moreover, if the pregnancy gingivit is delayed untreated, it leads to serious gum disease.The scientists believe that the bacteria which cause serious gum disease could reach the uterus and cause premature which results in low birth weight. However, there is no clear evidence to proof the connection between the gum diseases to heart disease, diabetes and pregnancy complications due to the same risk factors. Gum diseaseand heart disease share many common risk factors, including cigarette smoking, age and diabetes, and these factors are more likely to explain why diseases of the blood vessels and mouth occur in conjunction with each other.Although the scientists have inconclusive evidence to support their beliefs and are working on further research to support their hypothesis, it is known that good oral hygiene is still important for overall health. Hence, individuals should take care of their oral health as follows brush your teeth at least twice each day with fluoride toothpaste and floss your teeth, have a healthy li fe styles, and get regular checkups with your dentist. If you follow the suggestions, you possibly be able to prevent chronic systemic diseases. 1. What does your mouth have to theorize about your health?Dr. Kevin Marzo, Chief of Cardiology at Winthrop University Hospital in Mineola, New York. http//www. cbsnews. com/8301-504763_162-57353192-10391704/what-does-your-mouth-have-to-say-about-your-health/ 2. Gum disease doesnt cause heart attacks, experts say Dr. Peter Lockhart, a professor of oral medicine at the Carolinas Medical Center in Charlott Published April 19, 2012 MyHealthNewsDaily Read morehttp//www. foxnews. com/health/2012/04/19/gum-disease-doesnt-cause-heart-attacks-experts-say/ixzz2Pk3DMbvk 3. Periodontitis and diabetes a two-way relationship.Preshaw PM,Alba AL,Herrera D,Jepsen S,Konstantinidis A,Makrilakis K,Taylor R. etymon School of Dental Sciences and Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK. p. m. em ailprotected ac. uk http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/22057194 Diabetologia. 2012 Jan55(1)21-31. doi 10. 1007/s00125-011-2342-y. Epub 2011 Nov 6. 4. People with Diabetes at Higher Risk for Developing Gum Disease TheAcademy of General Dentistry(AGD http//www. knowyourteeth. com/infobites/abc/article/? abc=p&iid=324&aid=8530 5.Periodontal Disease Causes Preterm Labor and Low Birth weightInfants Posted onApril 28, 2011 ThomasJ. Peltzer, DMD http//www. connecticutsedationdentist. com http//connecticutsedationdentist. wordpress. com/2011/04/28/can-gum-disease-actually-affect-your-unborn-child/ 6. Research Pregnancy gingivitis and periodontitis and its systemic effect Author(s)Jasdeep Kaur,Simmi KharbandBalwant Rai SourceThe Internet Journal of Dental Science. (Dec. 10, 2008) Document TypeReportFull TextCOPYRIGHT 2008 Internet Scientific Publications LLC http//www. ispub. com/ostia/index. php? xmlFilePath=ejournals. xml 7. Periodontal Disease and Preter m Low Birth Weight Babies According to Cannadian Dental Associstion, Studies are still being done to find out exactly how and why periodontal bacteria appears to have the effect it does. Researchers suspect that the prevalence of bacteria may affect the release of hormones responsible for starting contractions or rupturing membranes, though there has been no shoot for causal link found to date.The only thing for sure is the definite increased risk to those pregnant mothers who have the disease. Darlene Oakley is a freelance writer forEmpowHER. com How might problems in my mouth be linked to health problems in other parts of my body? Heart disease. Before some dental treatments, patients who have certain heart conditions or joint replacements may take antibiotics. These people may be at risk of getting an infection when bacteria that lives in the mouth goes into the bloodstream during treatment. Antibiotics lower this risk.Talk to your doctor or dentist if you are not sure whether y ou should take antibiotics before dental treatment. http//www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfmg Oral health fact sheet was reviewed by MarianMehegan,D. D. S. ,M. P. H. CAPT,USPHS RegionalWomensHealthCoordinator USDHHS Office on Womens Health Healthy teeth for a healthy heart? http//www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm. UWOHEpOG2SoBut could charge your gums healthy also help to reduce your risk of having a heart attack?But to date the evidence supporting this idea has always been controversial. So the American Heart Association (AHA) decided to review the existing research to see what the data suggests. The Associations review concluded while a link was biologically plausible, there was no clear evidence that gum disease causes heart disease, or that treating gum disease would have any effect on those with a heart condition. However, the review did find gaps in the understanding of the interaction between gum d isease and heart disease, and called for more research.Professor Malcolm westerly, professor of medicine at the University of Queensland and consultant cardiologist at Brisbanes Prince Charles Hospital, agrees there needs to be more research before we have a definitive answer. The potential link between the two hasnt been clarified as much as people would like and were left with this question mark, West says. One of the problems with linking the two conditions is that they have many of the same risk factors, West says. So when trying to say one thing causes another, to try to eliminate how those other risk factors are interfering is quite difficult, West says.Example If you smoke, have poor nutrition, diabetes, or are from a lower socio-economic background then you are at higher risk of developing gum disease, but these factors also contribute to heart disease. Two main theories are thought to explain how gum disease could contribute to coronary heart disease, West says. One propos es that organisms, which grow between your teeth and cause plaque to build-up, can enter the bloodstream when your gum starts bleeding, which happens easily if you have gum disease.Once in the blood stream, these organisms attach to pre-existing fatty deposits in coronary arteries (those that supply blood to the heart). This leads to inflammation, which may cause blood clots that can decrease blood flow to the heart and cause a heart attack. The second theory proposes these bacteria cause the body to develop antibodies that attack receptors on the cells lining blood vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction. This inflammation may play a role in the further development of fatty deposits lining the artery walls that can cause blockages.Diabetes. http//www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfmg People with diabetes are at special risk for gum disease. Gum disease can lead to painful chewing and even tooth loss. Dry mouth, often a symptom of undet ected diabetes, can cause soreness, ulcers, infections, and tooth decay. People with diabetes can also get thrush. Smoking makes these problems worse. By controlling your blood glucose, brushing and flossing every day, and visiting a dentist regularly, you can help prevent gum disease.If your diabetes is not under control, you are more likely to develop problems in your mouth. http//www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm. UWOHEpOG2So - Theres an ever expanding list of conditions that have been investigated in relation to gum disease, says Associate Professor Ivan Darby, head of Population Oral Health and Periodontics at the University of Melbourne. For example, theres a suggestion that if youve got gum disease it might predispose you or increase your risk of developing diabetes, ecause of the persistent infection in your body. Pregnancy. http//www. womenshealth. gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfmg Use good oral hygiene to control your risk of gum diseases. Pregnant women may have changes in taste and develop red, swollen gums that bleed easily. This condition is called pregnancy gingivitis. Both poor oral hygiene and higher hormone levels can cause pregnancy gingivitis. Until now, it was thought that having gum disease could raise your risk of having a low-birth-weight baby.Researchers have not been able to confirm this link, but studies are still under way to learn more. http//www. abc. net. au/health/thepulse/stories/2012/06/19/3528574. htm. UWOHEpOG2So Another is the link between preterm birth or low birth weight and gum disease, Darby says. The original suggestion was that women that had preterm birth had more gum disease than those who went to full term. slightly studies say yes and some say no, so it really is inconclusive. But probably like heart disease, having gum disease in addition to other factors adds to your risk, he says.Definition of Gumdiseases - http//www. womenshealth. gov/publications/o ur-publications/fact-sheet/oral-health. cfmg Gum diseases are infections caused by bacteria, along with mucus and other particles that form a sticky plaque on your teeth. Plaque that is left on teeth hardens and forms tartar. Gingivitis (jin-juh-VEYE-tuhss) is a mild form of gum disease. It causes red, swollen gums. It can also make the gums bleed easily. Gingivitis can be caused by plaque buildup. And the time-consuming plaque and tartar stay on teeth, the more harm they do.Most gingivitis can be treated with daily brushing and flossing and regular cleanings at the dentists office. This form of gum disease does not lead to loss of bone or tissue around the teeth. But if it is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis (pair-ee-oh-don-TEYE-tuhss). Then the gums rip away from the teeth and form infected pockets. You may also lose supporting bone. If you have periodontitis, see your dentist for treatment. Otherwise your teeth may card over time and need to be removed. Oral healt h A window to your overall health What conditions may be linked to oral health?

Time to Digital Converter Used in All Digital Pll

Master Thesis ICT Time to Digital Converter apply in ALL digital PLL Master of scholarship Thesis In transcription-on-Chip Design By subgenus Chen Yao Stockholm, 08, 2011 Supervisor Dr. Fredrik Jonsson and Dr. Jian Chen Examiner Prof. Li-Rong Zheng Master Thesis TRITA-ICT-EX-2011212 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank professor Li-Rong Zheng for giving me the opportunity to do my master thesis project in IPACK group at KTH. Dr. Fredrik Jonsson for providing me with the interesting topic and guiding me for the overall research and plan. Dr.Jian Chen for answe environ all my forelands and making the completion of the project possible. Geng Yang, Liang Rong, Jue Shen, Xiao-Hong Sun in IPACK group for the discussion and valuable suggestions during the thesis mould. My m other Xiu-Yun Zheng and my husband Ming-Li Cui for always supporting(a) and encouraging me. i ABSTRACT This thesis proposes and demonstrates Time to Digital Converters (TDC) with elevated firmness of purpose agnised in 65-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a material body detector in all digital PLL working with 5GHz DCO and 20MHz reference stimulus for radio transmitters.Two kinds of towering settlement TDC ar visualizeed on schematic train including vernier TDC and repeat TDC. The Sensed Amplifier Flip hushing (SAFF) is enforced with less than 1ps try out window to forefend metastability. The current starved baffle elements argon choose in the TDC and the conversion firmness of purpose is allude to the oddment of the hold unwrap date from these last elements. Furthermore, the correspond TDC is sureized on layout and finally achieves the resolution of 3ps meanwhile it consumes intermediate tycoon 442W with 1. 2V power render. Measured integral non transmission one-dimensionality and derived function nonlinearity atomic number 18 0. LSB and 0. 33LSB respectively. Keywords All Digital PLL, Time to Digital Converter (TDC), Sensed Amplifier Flip Flop (SAFF), C urrent Starved, vernier s utter line ii Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i LIST OF FIGURES.. iv LIST OF TABLES . 1. 2. Introduction . 1 State of art 4 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3 Buffer cargo hold line TDC.. 4 Inverter clasp line TDC .. Vernier TDC . 5 Gated ring oscillator (GRO) TDC .. 6 System aim design . 7 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 Goal Vernier tally line TDC 9 Parallel TDC .. 10 carrying out proportion .. 11 4 Schematic design and pretext 12 4. 1 Sense Amplifier Based Flip-Flop . 2 Schematic design 14 try out window fashion model .. 16 4. 1. 1 4. 1. 2 4. 2 Vernier hold water line TDC . 21 Delay cells 21 example go outs .. 5 4. 2. 1 4. 2. 2 4. 3 Parallel TDC .. 28 Delay cells 28 Simulation results .. 30 4. 3. 1 4. 3. 2 5 Layout and post- manikin 3 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 Layout of SAFF and post-simulation .. 33 Layout of parallel TDC and post-simulation 35 Comparison and analytic thinking .. 38 6 7 8 Conclusion 0 Future work .. 41 Reference .. 42 iii LIST OF FIGURES course 1 pro trude 2 epithet 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 iv Effect of LO manikin hinderance in transmitter Block diagram of the shape-domain ADPLL relative frequency synthesist Retiming of the reference measure placeise (FREF) Operating principle of magazine-to-digital converter Buffer tick off line TDC Inverter clench line TDC Vernier insure line TDC Gated ring oscillator TDC Test patio for measuring rising slope/falling metre of stimulant drug of TDC gossip and output of inverter Diagram of Vernier live on line TDC Timing of the interfaces of Vernier TDC Diagram of parallel TDC Timing of the inter faces of parallel TDC interchangeable SAFF Schematic of SAFF Schematic of Sense Amplifier Schematic of symmetric SR fasten Test bench of SAFF Normal Sampling compositors case Extreme case of sampling for frame-up time simulation Extreme case of sampling for hold time simulation Sampling window simulation Current starved control element Schematic of Matched delay cell Schematic of delay cell 1 Schematic of delay cell 2 Schematic of Vernier delay line TDC insert of Vernier TDC ( comprise dismay) = 0ps Input of Vernier TDC ( lug start) = 20ps Vernier TDC transfer function Vernier TDC linearity Monte Carlo simulation of the resolution for Vernier delay line TDC Delay cell in Parallel TDC Delay time Vs width of junction transistor T5 Schematic of Parallel TDC Input of parallel TDC (stop start) = 0ps Input of parallel TDC (stop start) = 20ps Parallel TDC transfer function Parallel TDC linearity Floor Plan of SAFF Layout of SAFF Post-simulation of sampling window Floor plan of time distri justion Layout of parallel TDC Figure 46 Figure 47 Figure 48 Figure 49 Input of parallel TDC later on layout (stop start) = 0ps Input of parallel TDC afterwards layout (stop start) = 30ps Parallel TDC transfer function after layout Parallel TDC linearity after layout LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Table 2 Performance comparison between Vernier TDC and parallel TDC Comparison to previous work v 1.Introduction All digital frame locked grummet (ADPLL) is employed as frequency synthesizingr in radio frequency travels to create a changeless yet tunable local oscillator for transmitters and receivers out-of-pocket to its low power aspiration and high integration level. It accepts about frequency reference (FREF) stimulus designate of a very lasting frequency of and then generates frequency output as ruleed by frequency command word (FCW). The desired frequency of output signal is an FCW multiple of the reference frequency. For an ideal oscillator operating at all power is concentrated around , but the spectrum spreads into nearby frequencies in realistic situation.This spreading is referred as flesh racquet which great deal cause interference in adjacent bands in transmitters and slash selectivity in receivers 1. Fig. 1. Effect of LO phase noise in transmitter 1 For example, shown as Fig. 1, when a noiseless receiver must detect a weak desired signal at frequency in the presence of a powerful nearby transmitter generating at frequency with substantial phase noise, the desired signal provide be corrupted by phase noise tails of transmitter. thus the modern radio communication systems lead strict specifications about phase noise of synthe surfacers. In the ADPLL, the time to digital converter (TDC) serves as the phase frequency detector (PFD) meanwhile the digitally disciplineled Oscillator (DCO) replaces the VCO.The core module is DCO which deliberately avoids analog set voltage controls. The DCO is similar to a flip flop whose internal is analog but the analog nature does not propagate beyond the boundaries. Comp bed to the analog PLL, the loop deform can be implemented in a fully digital manner which depart save a large amount of area and maintain low power employment. 1 Fig. 2. Block diagram of the phase-domain ADPLL frequency synthesizer 2 Fig. 2 shows a type II ADPLL which includes twain poles at postcode frequency. It has expose filtering capabilities of oscillator noise compared to type I ADPLL, hint to mitigatements in the overall phase noise executing. The ariable phase signal is determined by counting the topic of rising measure transitions of the DCO oscillator measure. The reference phase signal is obtained by accumulating the Frequency Command Word (FCW) with every rising edge of the retimed Frequency Reference (FREF) clock. The archetyped shifting phase is subtracted from the reference phase in a synchronous arithmetic phase detector which is de all rightd by = + ? k 2. Fig. 3. Retimin g of the reference clock signal (FREF) 3 2 on that point are ii asynchronous clock domains, FREF and CKV, and it is difficult to compare the two digital phase values physically at different time instances without facing the metastability problem.During frequency acquisition, their edge relationship is not known, and during phase lock, the edges will exhibit rotation if the fractional FCW is nonzero 1. Therefore, it is imperative that the digital-word phase comparison should be performed in the same clock domain. This is achieved by retiming knead which is performed by oversampling the FREF clock with CKV for synchronization purpose (fig. 3). The retimed clock, CKR is used to synchronize the internal ADPLL operations. However, the retiming work out generates a fractional phase defect in CKV cycles which is estimated by TDC 3. The DCO produces phase noise at high frequency, while the TDC determines the in band noise floor 4.The noise contribution of TDC at bottom the loop bandwi dth at output of ADPLL is where denotes the delay time of a delay cell in the TDC chain, is the period of RF output and is the frequency of the reference clock 1. The equation above indicates that a smaller leads to smaller quantization noise from TDC. As a result, the effort is devoted to achieve high resolution TDC in order to obtain low phase noise of ADPLL. Fig. 4. Operating principle of time-to-digital converter 5 Fig. 4 illustrates the principle of time-to-digital converter ground on digital delay line. The start signal is delayed by delay elements and sampled by the arrival of the rising edge of stop signal.The sampling process which can be implemented by reversals freezes the state of delay line as the stop signal occurs. The outputs of flip-flop will be high value if the start signal passes the delay stages and the sampling process will generate low value if the delay stages arrive at not been passed by start signal. As a result, the position of high to low transition i n this thermometer code indicates how far the start signal can be propagated in the interval spanned by start and stop signal. 3 2. State of art 2. 1 Buffer delay line TDC Fig. 5. Buffer delay line TDC 5 The start signal ripples along the buffer chain and flip-flops are connected to the outputs of buffers. On the arrival of stop signal the state of delay line is sampled by flip-flops.One of the obvious advantages of this TDC is that it can be implemented fully digital. Thus it is simple and compact. However, the resolution is relatively low since it is the delay of whizz buffer. 2. 2 Inverter delay line TDC Fig. 6. Inverter delay line TDC 5 The resolution in this TDC is the delay of angiotensin converting enzyme inverter which is doubled compared to buffers delay chain. In this case, the length of measure intervals is not indicated by the position of high to low transition but by a phase change of the alternation of high to low sequence. Consequently, the rise and fall delay of in verter should be made suitable which requires highly 4 spouse of the process.In addition, the resolution is still particular by technology and therefore not high enough in our use of ADPLL. 2. 3 Vernier TDC Fig. 7. Vernier delay line TDC 6 Vernier delay line TDC is capable of measuring time interval with sub-gate resolution. It consists of two delay lines which delay both start signal and stop signal. The delay in the premiere line is slightly big than the delay in the second line. During the measurement, the start signal propagates along the first line and the stop signal occurs later. It seems like the stop signal is chasing start signal. In each stage, it catches up by = Delay1- Delay2 Therefore the resolution is dependent on the difference of two delay stages instead of unrivaled delay element.Although the Vernier delay line TDC improves the resolution effectively, the area and power consumption is add-ond dramatically as the high-power crop becomes larger due to that e ach stage costs two buffers and unmatched flip-flop. Besides, the conversion time will be increased and in a result it might be not feasible to work in a system. 5 2. 4 Gated ring oscillator (GRO) TDC Fig. 8. Gated ring oscillator TDC 6 The GRO TDC could achieve large dynamic range with small sum of delay elements. It measures the make sense of delay element transitions during measurement interval. By preserving the oscillator state at the end of the measurement interval k? , the quantization error k? 1, from that measurement is to a fault preserved. In fact, when the following measurement of k? 1 is initiated, the previous quantization error is carried over as k = k? 1. This results in first-order noise shaping of the quantization error in the frequency domain. Apart from the quantization noise, according to the well-known barrel shift algorithm for dynamic element matching, GRO TDC complex body part realizes first order shaping of pair error 6. Thus, we can expect that this a rchitecture ideally achieve high resolution without calibration even in the presence of large mismatch. 6 3 System level design 3. 1 GoalThe proposed TDC is designed to work with a 5GHz DCO and a 20MHz reference input while the circuit is fabricated in 65nm IBM CMOS technology the supply voltage is 1. 2V and development environment is Cadence 6. 1. 3. Fig. 9. Test bench for measuring rising/falling time of input of TDC In order to find out the rising/falling time of the input signal for TDC, the 5GHz sine wave signal which is the same as the output of DCO in ADPLL is put through the inverter with the smallest size and the rising/falling time of the output of inverter is measured (Fig. 9) . 7 Fig. 10. Input and output of inverter Rising/falling time = 16. 58ps. This value is applied to model the practical case of input signals for TDC.The purpose for putting the sinusoid signal generated from DCO passing through the smallest inverter is to model the worst case for TDC with weakest dr iving ability. As the system level simulation result of ADPLL presents, the dynamic range of TDC is 20ps. The converter resolution is required to be around 2ps meanwhile the power consumption should be kept as low as possible. Since in the application of this ADPLL, sub-gate resolution and small dynamic range are targeted, two kinds of topologies of TDC are proposed. One is Vernier delay line TDC and the other one is parallel TDC. The comparison of these two architectures is concluded and both of them are designed on schematic level. 8 3. 2 Vernier delay line TDCStart Matched delay cell1 EN EN_ Delay1 Delay1 Delay1 Start_ Matched delay cell1 D Q D_ CLK Delay1 D Q0 D_ CLK Delay1 Delay1 D Q26 D_ CLK Stop Fig. 11. Diagram of Vernier delay line TDC 200ps Matched delay cell2 Delay2 Delay2 Delay2 start 20ps stop enable Valid output 2ns TDC_output Fig. 12. Timing of the interfaces of Vernier TDC As the description about Vernier TDC before, the start signal and stop signal are propagated by two delay line with small delay difference each stage respectively. The clock gating technology controlled by enable signal is used to realize low power dissipation. The timing relationship of interfaces is described in Fig. 2 which indicates that enable signal should be set to high value half 9 cycle of start signal ahead of the stop rising edge and the conversion time is about 2ns. The delay time of each stage in TDC is about 60ps to 70ps and 27 stages are design to pay the whole dynamic range so that the conservative estimation of conversion time of TDC would be no more than 2ns. The next stage of TDC in ADPLL should sample the output when it is stable. Since the period of FREF is 50ns which means that the instance of measurement occur every 50ns, it is driveable to adopt the manner of serial conversion and prepare the reasoned output entropy after 2ns delay. 3. 3Parallel TDC Start Current Staved delay cell EN EN_ Start_ Current Starved delay cell D Q0 D_ CLK Stop Fig. 13. Diagram of parallel TDC Delay1 Delay2 Delay12 D Q1 D_ CLK D Q11 D_ CLK 10 200ps 20ps start stop enable Valid output 420ps TDC_output Fig. 14. Timing of the interfaces of parallel TDC Configuring the gates not in a chain but in parallel generates TDC depicted in Fig. 13. The start signal applied to all delay elements in parallel. On the rising of stop signal the outputs of all delay elements are sampled at the same time. Instead of propagating the differential start signal, stop signal is delayed to avoid differential mismatch problem.The delay cells connected to stop signal are sized for delays = 0+? ?N =? . The time difference between the delayed stop signal is quantized with a resolution The conversion results are available immediately after the rising of stop signal. 3. 4 Performance comparison Parallel TDC Parallel delay elements with gradually increase propagation delays are simultaneously sampled on the arrival of stop signal. No loop structure feasible Sub-gate resolution Con version time independent from resolution Susceptible to variations Not feasible to high dynamic range Careful layout design Vernier TDC Principle Start and stop signals propagate along two delay lines with slightly different delays.Loop structure Pros Loop structure possible Sub-gate resolution modular structure High dynamic range possible with loop structure derivative instrument delay lines Conversion time depends on measurement interval and resolution Cons Table1. Performance comparison between Vernier TDC and parallel TDC 11 4 Schematic design and simulation 4. 1 Sense Amplifier Based Flip-Flop Flip-Flops are critical to the performance of Time to Digital Converter due to the tight timing constraints and low power requirements. Metastability is a physical phenomenon that deposits the performance of comparators and digital sampling elements, such as latches and flip-flops. It recognizes that it akes a nonzero amount of time from the start of a sampling event to determine the in put level or state 15. This resolution time gets exponentially larger if the input state change gets close to the sampling event. In the limit, if the input changes at exactly the same time as the sampling event, it might theoretically take an infinite amount of time to resolve. During this time, the output can dwell in an illegal digital state somewhere between zero and one. However, this flip flop is supposed to be reused in ADPLL so that the metastable condition of the retimed reference clock CKR is not acceptable. One reason is that the metastability of any clock could introduce glitches and double clocking in the digital logic circuitry being driven.The other reason is that it is quite likely that within a certain metastability window between FREF and CKV, the clock to Q delay of the flip flop would have the potential to make CKR span multiple DCO clock periods. This amount of distrust is not acceptable for proper system operation 4. For the application of TDC, due to that the metastability sampling window should be no larger than the high resolution to avoid bubbles in TDC code 7, sensed amplifier based flip-flop (SAFF) is chosen. 12 VDD MP1 MP2 MP3 MP4 MN3 VDD MN4 D MN1 MN5 MN2 D_ CLK MN6 Pulse Generator Symmetrical SR latch S_ S R VDD R_ MP7 MP8 MP5 MP6 MP9 Q MP10 Q_ MN9 MN10 MN7 MN11 MN12 MN8 Fig. 15. Symmetric SAFF The SAFF shown as Fig. 5 consists of sense amplifier in the first stage and SR latch in the second stage. The amplifier senses complementary differential inputs and produces monotonous transitions from high to low logic level on one of the outputs following the leading clock edge. The SR latch ravishs each transition and holds the state until the next leading clock arrives 8. When CLK is low, S_ and R_ are charged to high level through MP1 and MP4 meanwhile MN6 is closed. If D is high, S_ will be discharged through MN3, MN1 and MN6 which is opened by clock leading edges. Accordingly, R_ is hold to high level and Q is high in this case. T he additional transistor MN5 is used to provide the discharging patch to ground. For example, when 13 ata is changed as CLK is high which means D is low and D_ is high at this time, S_ would be charging to high level if there is no MN5. However, S_ could be discharged through MN3, MN5, MN2 and MN6 since MN5 provides another path to ground. Although SR latch is able to lock the state of outputs of sense amplifier, MN5 prevents potential charging caused by leakage current even after the input data is changed and therefore guarantee the stable outputs of flip-flop. The SR latch, as the output stage, is kind of symmetric topology with equivalent pull-up and pulldown transistors network. Q+ = S + R_Q Q_+ = R + S_Q_ In the equations above, Q represents a current sate and Q+ represents a future state after the transition of clock.Thus this circuit has equal delays of outputs and provides identical resolution of the rising and falling meta-stability of their input data. In addition, the da ta input capacitive loading is provided one NMOS transistor and the interconnect capacitance parasitic is smeard. 4. 1. 1 Schematic design The basic principles of the SAFF design are that the size of the input transistors should be small enough to minimize the load effect of SAFF and large enough to ensure the speed of it. The PMOS and NMOS networks should be matched and the sizes of transistors are adjusted to obtain equal delay of differential outputs. Fig. 16. Schematic of SAFF 14 Fig. 17. Schematic of Sense Amplifier Fig. 18. Schematic of symmetric SR latch 15 4. 1. 2 Sampling window simulation Fig. 19.Test bench of SAFF The ideal switch is used to initialize the output signal Q otherwise Q will be floating at the beginning of simulation which would result in unpredictable rising or falling edge at the beginning therefore make it difficult to measure a fixed number of signal transition edge. In the practical case, the initial value of inputs of flip flop is either zero or one. The simulation is performed by tuning the delay time of CLK in order to change the time interval between CLK and D/D_. There are some(prenominal) cases simulated to verify the timing constraints of SAFF including setup timing, hold timing and sample window. 1. Normal sampling 16 Fig. 20. Normal Sampling Case Data D changes from zero to one and then is sampled after it is stable for a while. The crossing point of Q and Q_ is around 600mV which means there are equal delay of clock to Q and clock to Q_ due to the symmetric topology of SAFF. 2.Setup time simulation Setup time is the minimum time prior to triggering edge of the clock pulse up to which the data should be kept stable at flip flop input so that data could be properly sampled. This is due to the input capacitance present at the input. It takes some time to charge to the particular logic level at the input. During the simulation, the input data is changing from low to high and high value is supposed to be sampled. barb the position of CLK to find out when SAFF cannot capture the correct data. 17 Fig. 21. Extreme case of sampling for setup time simulation The clock to Q delay is increasing exponentially when input data is approaching the clock triggering edge.When the data comes later than clock edge for 15ps, the clock to Q delay is up to about 280ps shown in Fig. 21. If the data comes even later than this, the output of flip flop will enter into metastable state or will never output high value. 3. fall in time simulation Hold time is the minimum time after the clock edge up to which the data should be kept stable in order to trigger the flip flop at right voltage level. This is the time taken for the various switching elements to transit from saturation to cut stumble and vice versa. During the simulation, the input data is changing from high to low and high value is supposed to be sampled. Sweep the position of CLK to find out when SAFF cannot capture the correct data. 18 Fig. 22.Extreme case of sampling for hold time simulation The clock to Q delay is increasing exponentially if transition of input data from one to zero happens close to the clock edge. As long as the data could keep stable long enough the flip flop is capable of recognizing it during limit time interval. The hold timing constraint is that data should be stable after the clock rising at least 16ps (Fig. 22) to guarantee flip-flop could sample the right value otherwise the flip flop will enter into illegal state or never output high value. 4. Sampling window 19 2. 9 2. 8 2. 7 2. 6 x 10 -10 Tclk-Q 2. 5 setup time 2. 4 2. 3 2. 2 2. 1 2 -0. 5 hold time 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 Tdata-clk 2. 5 3 3. 5 x 10 4 -11 Fig. 23. Sampling window simulationSampling window is defined as the time interval in which the flip-flop samples the data value. During the interval any change of data is prohibited in order to ensure robust and reliable operation 8. The flip-flop delay increases as the signal approaches the point of setup and hol d time violation until the flip-flop fails to capture the correct data 9 which is displayed in Fig. 23. Metastability is modeled in critical flip-flops by continuous inspection of the timing relationship between the data input and clock pins and producing an unknown output on the data output pin if the delay to clock skew falls within the forbidden metastable window. Referring to Fig. 3, the metastable window is defined as an x-axis region such that the clock to Q delay on the y-axis is longer by a certain amount than the nominal clock to Q delay. For example, if the nominal clock to Q delay is 200ps when the data to clock timing is far from critical, the metastability window would be 15ps if one can tolerate clock to Q delay increase by 20ps. If one can tolerate a high clock to Q delay increase of 30ps, the metastable window would drop to 6 ps. A question could be asked as to how far this window can extend. The limitation lies in the fact that for a tight data to clock skew, the n oise or other statistical uncertainty, such as jitter, could arbitrarily resolve the output such that the input data is missed.Therefore, for a conventional definition of setup time, not all must the output be free of any metastable condition, but the input data have to be captured correctly. For this reason, the setup and hold times are conservatively defined in standard-cell libraries for an output delay increase of 10 or 20% over nominal. The specific nature of TDC vector capturing does not require this restrictive constraint. Here, any output-level resolution is satisfactory for proper operation as long as it is not metastable at the time of capture, and consequently, 20 the metastable window could be made arbitrarily small 1. This SAFF demonstrates very narrow sampling window less than 1ps according to the simulation results. 4. 2Vernier delay line TDC There are several components in Vernier delay line TDC including inverter, SAFF, matched delay cell, delay cell 1 and delay ce ll 2 in which matched delay cell has the same circuit topology with other two delay cells except that it has enable control pins. 4. 2. 1 Delay cells There are several methods to implement delay elements. The most popular three methods for designing variable delay cells are shunt capacitor technique, current starved technique and variable transistor technique 10. In this thesis project, current starved delay element is employed because of its simple structure and relatively wide delay range of regulation.Vdd VBP M4 M2 M6 Vdd in C M1 M5 out VBN M3 Fig. 24. Current starved delay element As can be seen from the Fig. 24, there are two inverters between input and output of this circuit. The charging and discharging currents of the output capacitance of the first inverter, composed of M1and M2, are controlled by the transistors M3 and M4. Charging and discharging currents depend on the bias voltage of M3 and M4 respectively. In this delay element, both rising and 21 falling edges of input signal can be controlled. By increasing/decreasing the effective on resistance of controlling transistor M3 and M4, the circuit delay can be increased /decreased.Fig. 25. Schematic of Matched delay cell As the enable signal is set to high level, the input signal will pass through this delay cell. The enable signal should be set to high level before the active edge of input signal comes. The differential start signal and stop signal passed through this delay cell to produce matched rising/falling edge signal for the next stage in TDC. With respect to design of the size of transistors, the input transistors of the delay cell should be relatively large to shield the load effect of SAFF meanwhile allow T5 to control the changing and discharging current through the capacitors of the first stage of inverter.The second stage of inverter should have enough driving ability for 5GHz input signals and therefore the sizes are stipulate large enough to withdraw sufficient current from power sup ply for transition. Due to that the differential signals are delayed, the delay cell is also required to have matched PMOS and NMOS networks to achieve equal delay time for rising or falling input signals. 22 Fig. 26. Schematic of delay cell 1 Fig. 27. Schematic of delay cell 2 23 The only difference between these two delay cells above is the size of transistor T5. The W/L ratio of T5 in delay cell 2 is a bit larger than delay cell 2 makes the delay of delay cell 2 is slightly shorter than delay cell 1. These two delay cells constitute two delay lines for Vernier TDC. Fig. 28.Schematic of Vernier delay line TDC This Vernier TDC includes 27 stages of delay cells for the reason that it should cover the dynamic range of 20ps and the additional offset value introduced by the setup timing of SAFF. The first dumpy stage of delay cell is used to match the differential input signals for the following delay lines so that the input signals for each stage are characterized with the same rising or falling time. As a result, the delay difference between each delay pair for start and stop signal is only dependent on the different size of transistors in the current starved delay cell. 24 4. 2. 2 Simulation results The input of Vernier TDC, the delay difference between the start and stop signal, is swept from 0 to 20ps.The resolution and linearity are calculated and analyzed by conversion results from TDC. Fig. 29. Input of Vernier TDC (stop start) = 0ps Fig. 30. Input of Vernier TDC (stop start) = 20ps 25 The offset value of this TDC is 8 observed from Fig. 29. The result shown in Fig. 30 indicates that the start signal has passed through 22 stages of delay cells as the input is 20ps. Resolution = (20ps 0ps)/ (22 8) = 1. 43ps 25 20 turnout of Vernier TDC (ps) 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Input of Vernier TDC (ps) 16 18 20 Fig. 31. Vernier TDC transfer function 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 DNL and INL LSB 0 -0. 2 -0. 4 -0. 6 -0. 8 -1 INL DNL 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Input of Vernier TDC 14 16 18 20 Fig. 32. Vernier TDC linearity 26The Differential Non Linearity (DNL) is the deviation in the difference between two successive threshold points from 1LSB. Integral Non Linearity (INL) is the deviation of the actual output. Both of them are calculated and account in Fig. 32. The uttermost DNL is +0. 4LSB while the maximum INL is -0. 89LSB. The process (skew) parameter files in the model directory contain the definition of the statistical distributions that represent the main process variations for the technology. This gives designers the capability of testing their designs under many different process variations to ensure that their circuits perform as desired throughout the entire range of process specifications. This is a Monte Carlo approach to the checking of designs.While being the most accurate test, it can also be time consuming to run enough simulations to obtain a valid statistical sample. Fig. 33. Monte Carlo simulation of the resolution for Vernier delay line TDC When running Monte Carlo to include FET mismatch, BOTH the Spectre mismatch and process vary statements are active. This will turn on both process and mismatch variations. Spectre provides the unique capability of running process variations independent of mismatch variations. This capability is not supported for this release. The average resolution calculated by averaging the delay difference between two delay lines is around 1. 66ps. The average power over one period is 148. 1E-6 W.The maximum power consumption is about 3. 6mW and the conversion time is around 2ns which is in accordance with the interfacing time estimation in system level design. Since the enable signal closed the TDC after the conversion is completed, the start signal with high frequency is prohibited to propagate so as to eliminate the unnecessary transition of delay cells and in a result saving the power dissipation. 27 4. 3 4. 3. 1 Parallel TDC Delay cells In order to design a serial of delay cells with the e qual difference of delay time used in parallel TDC, the size of the transistor in a current starved structure is swept. Fig. 34. Delay cell in Parallel TDC 28Fig. 35. Delay time Vs width of transistor T5 Unlike Vernier TDC, only stop signal is delayed by various delay cells in parallel TDC. Thus the control of rising edge required, and then the size of transistor T5 is adjusted. As can be seen from Fig. 34, the size of transistors M1, M2, M4 and M5 is basically determined by the load capacitance which refers to the CLK pin of SAFF in this situation. Transistor T5 should be much smaller than M2 so that the discharging current could be controlled by T5. As the size of T5 increases, the delay time becomes smaller which means the delay cell is faster. According to the parameter analysis result in Fig. 5, the size of T5 can be determined by selecting the size corresponding to the delay time with 2ps difference for a serial delay cells. Fig. 36. Schematic of Parallel TDC 29 As the analysi s in system level design, the delay cells are sized for delays = 0 + ? ?N. The single stop signal is delayed in parallel TDC, therefore the matched delay cell connected to differential start signal is used to cancel the 0 and offset value. 4. 3. 2 Simulation results Similarly to Vernier TDC simulation, the input of parallel TDC, the delay difference between the start and stop signal, is swept from 0 to 20ps. The resolution and linearity are calculated and analyzed by conversion results from TDC. Fig. 37.Input of parallel TDC (stop start) = 0ps 30 Fig. 38. Input of parallel TDC (stop start) = 20ps The offset value of this TDC is 1 observed from Fig. 37. The result shown in Fig. 38 indicates that the start signal has passed through 11 stages of delay cells as the input is 20ps. Resolution = (20ps 0ps)/ (11 1) = 2ps. 20 18 16 Output of parallel TDC (ps) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Input of parallel TDC (ps) 16 18 20 Fig. 39. Parallel TDC transfer function 31 1 INL DNL DNL and INL LSB 0. 5 0 -0. 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Input of parallel TDC 14 16 18 20 Fig. 40. Parallel TDC linearity DNL and INL are calculated and reported in Fig. 40. The maximum DNL is +0. LSB while the maximum INL is 1LSB. The average power over one period is 87. 33E-6 W which is much smaller than Vernier TDC. The reason is that the clock gating technology controlled by enable signal eliminates the redundant transition of delay cells. As the system level design indicates, the parallel TDC only works for 420ps each period of stop signal because that the conversion is completed instantly due to the intrinsic characteristic of parallel TDC and therefore there is no power consumption during the rest time. Although the peak power consumption is approximately equivalent to Vernier TDC, the average power dissipation is decreased dramatically. 32 Layout and post-simulation 5. 1 Layout of SAFF and post-simulation For the layout of radio frequency circuit the interconnection parasitic will be a cr itical problem. In an audio application for instance parasitic will probably be a minor concern. However, the operation frequency of this circuit is 5GHz which means that the interconnection parasitic will influence the performance of circuit dramatically. To minimize this influence, we could move interconnections to higher metals and make the metals carry current rather than poly. Besides, the floor plan should be as compact as possible to optimize the parasitic and impedance of interconnections. GND T0Symmetric SR Latch T15 T14 T13 T8 T9 T5 T3 Q_ T1 T12 T10 T11 T7 Q T6 T4 T2 VDD T0 T2 T4 T3 T5 T9 T1 D T6 T7 D_ CLK T8 CLK GND Sensed Amplifier Fig. 41. Floor Plan of SAFF 33 There are several steps for floor plan. First step is to examine the size of transistors and split transistor size in a number of layout oriented fingers. Then identify the transistors than can be placed on the same throne according to the principles of using almost the same number of fingers per stack and put t he transistors with common drain or source together. In the floor plan shown in Fig. 41, power line VDD is reused by SR latch and sensed amplifier to make the connections compact.Fig. 42. Layout of SAFF 34 In the development environment of Cadence 6. 1. 3, Calibre is used for DRC and Assura is used to do LVS check and RCX. Post-simulation is then performed with av_extracted view. Fig. 43. Post-simulation of sampling window Compared to Fig. 23, Fig. 43 illustrates that the timing constraint point moved from 16ps to 29ps which will affect the offset value of TDC. In addition, the delay time from clock leading edge to output Q is increased. However, this SAFF after layout can be employed to avoid meta-stability effectively due to that the sampling window is still less than 1ps. 5. 2 Layout of parallel TDC and post-simulationIn this TDC system, the clock distribution network formed as a tree distributes the signal to all the delay cells. To reduce the clock uncertainty, the network requ ires highly matched topology showed as Fig. 44 below. 35 Clock Fig. 44. Floor plan of Clock distribution This kind of topology guarantees the equal delay from the common point clock to each element. Fig. 45. Layout of parallel TDC After DRC and LVS, the RC net list is extracted to do post-simulation. The input of parallel TDC after layout, the delay difference between the start and stop signal, is swept from 0 to 30ps. The resolution and linearity are calculated and analyzed by conversion results from TDC. Fig. 46.Input of parallel TDC after layout (stop start) = 0ps 36 Fig. 47. Input of parallel TDC after layout (stop start) = 30ps The offset value of this implemented TDC is 0 observed from Fig. 46. The result shown in Fig. 47 indicates that the start signal has passed through 10 stages of delay cells as the input is 30ps. Resolution = (30ps 0ps)/ (10 0) = 3ps. 35 30 Output of parallel TDC after layout (ps) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 Input of parallel TDC after layout (ps) 25 30 Fig. 48. Parallel TDC transfer function after layout 37 0. 5 0. 4 0. 3 DNL and INL after layout LSB 0. 2 0. 1 0 -0. 1 -0. 2 -0. 3 -0. 4 -0. 5 INL DNL 0 5 10 15 20 Input of parallel TDC (ps) 25 30 Fig. 49.Parallel TDC linearity after layout DNL and INL are calculated and reported in Fig. 49. The maximum DNL is 0. 33LSB while the maximum INL is 0. 5LSB. The average power over one period is 442. 1E-6 W. The maxim total current is about 3. 24mA. The peak power consumption is almost the same as the TDC before layout, but there are obvious ripples even the TDC is disabled due to that the parasitic capacitors increase the time for charging and discharging. 5. 3 Comparison and analysis technique Parallel 2-level DL parallel Pseudo-diff DL VernierGRO CMOS m 0. 065 0. 35 0. 13 0. 09 0. 09 Supply V 1. 2 3 1. 2 1. 3 1. 2 Power mW 3. 89 50 2. 5 6. 9 4. 32 Resolution ps 3 24 12 17 6. 4 INL/DNL 0. 5/0. 3 -1. 5/0. 55 -1. 15/1 0. 7/0. 7 Work This 12 3 7 13 Table2. Comparison to previous work T able2 compares the proposed TDC to prior published work in CMOS technology. This TDC features the fastest resolution with the best linearity. The power consumption is not directly comparable because the results from the other works are corresponding to different input range. However, it still indicates that this TDC consumes very low power due to that the start signal 38 only passes two buffers and the stop signal with low frequency is delayed. The TDC error has several components quantization, linearity and randomness due to thermal effects.As can be seen from table5, the implemented TDC achieves medium linearity which can be improved if the layout is enhanced from floor plan considering the parasitic effects. With respect to quantization noise, the total noise power generated from this kind of TDC is spread uniformly over the span from dc to the Nyquist frequency without modulation. As a result, the proposed TDC contributes the lowest noise floor due to high resolution. = =3ps, , = 20MHz, we obtain = -104. 3 dBc/Hz. Banerjees figure of merit (BFM) 14, being a 1-Hz normalized phase noise floor, is defined as BFM = where is a sampling frequency of the phase comparison and N= is the frequency division ratio of a PLL.It is used to compare the phase performance of PLLs with different reference frequencies and division ratios. In this TDC based ADPLL, BFM = -225. 3dB. Even though state-of-the-art conventional PLLs implemented in a SiGe process can outperform the ADPLL presented here in the in band phase noise, -213 dB in reference and -218 dB in reference, the worst case BFM of -205 dB appears adequate even for GSM applications, since there are no other important phase-noise contributions as in the conventional PLLs 4. However, the Gated Ring Oscillator TDC is able to push most of the noise to high frequency region which is then filtered by the loop filter in ADPLL through holding oscillation node state between measurements.The obvious drawback of this TDC is tha t the dynamic range is relatively small which will limit the application of it. Parallel TDC is not feasible to compose the loop structure so that the area and power dissipation will be increased dramatically if larger dynamic range is required. But the Vernier TDC designed in this thesis can be used in the loop structure for large dynamic range. 39 6 Conclusion In this thesis, two kinds of Time to Digital Converters are designed with Vernier and parallel structure on schematic level respectively. The performance of these two TDCs are concluded and compared. In the Vernier TDC, only two delay cells are designed and then reused to constitute two delay lines with slightly different delay time.This architecture is easy to implement and reduces the mismatch with delay cells. But the conversion time dependent on resolution and measurement interval time is relatively long since the signals are propagating along the delay cells in serial. On the other hand, in parallel TDC, the process of conversion is completed instantaneously due to that the signals are passing through the delay cells and then captured in parallel. Thus it has lower average power dissipation over one period. However, a set of delay cells are designed which obviously introduce nonlinearities. To minimize the mismatch problem, the single stop signal is delayed instead of two input signals for avoiding the differential mismatch situation.To sum up, both of the TDCs achieve sub-gate resolution which is able to meet the application requirements and Vernier TDC has higher resolution and better linearity but longer conversion time and larger power consumption compared to parallel TDC according to the simulation results. The parallel TDC is chosen to be implemented on layout. Comparing the results from schematic simulation and post-simulation, the performance is decreased on resolution, linearity and power consumption after layout. The major reason for this phenomenon is the parasitic capacitance of transi stors and real wires which is a significant factor to affect the final properties in high frequency circuits.In the stage of schematic design, the sizes of transistors are not fully considered and results in difficulties on floor plan of layout. Specifically, the transistors are rather difficult to split into the same fingers per stack and therefore the floor plan is not compact enough to minimize the interconnections. Besides, the parasitic capacitance should have been emulated on schematic simulation in order to predict the effect after layout otherwise it would be very time consuming if the schematic design is modified after layout. In addition, the size of transistors is very small which makes them comparable to wire parasitic effects. Although small transistors are with smaller parasitic capacitance and less power consumption, they will more sensitive to layout mismatch.The function of the TDCs designed and implemented in the thesis is guaranteed for the application but the per formance needs to be improved. The layout turns out to be an essential stage for the final characteristics of the circuits. With a more thoughtful design flow and sophisticated consideration for mismatch, the circuits after layout could maintain the performance as schematic level. 40 7 Future work There is plenty of more work to be done to improve the performance of TDC. Due to that the TDC is essential to the aggressive goal of phase noise from all digital PLL, other kinds of architectures of it are worth to try for the required resolution and dynamic range. Since the performance of circuit after layout is not identical with schematic, the size of transistors could be modified for layout oriented. To reduce the parasitic effects, layout should be improved from a better floor plan. Vernier TDC with higher resolution and better linearity could be implemented on layout which can tolerate first order PVT variation if two delay chains are well matched 11. Although the Vernier TDC and pa rallel TDC achieve high resolution, they have very low efficiency when measuring large time intervals, which requires extra hardware and power consumption. To overcome this limitation, a Vernier Ring TDC has been proposed recently.Unlike the conventional Vernier TDC, this novel TDC places the Vernier delay cells in a ring format such that the delay chains can be reused for measuring large time intervals. Digital logic monitors the number of laps the signals propagate along the rings. Arbiters are used to record the location where the lag signal catches up with the lead signal. The reuse of Vernier delay cells in a ring configuration achieves fine resolution and large detectable range simultaneously with small area and low power consumption 11. This architecture of Vernier Ring TDC combines the Vernier delay lines and GRO topology is worth to implement for wide application. ? ? 41 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fundamentals of Microeconomics Essay

Macroeconomics defined as the study of the economy as a whole, which includes inflation, unemployment, business cycles, and growth (Colander, G-5). There are many bedrock that affect the economy in both a good and bad way. These fundamentals affect the economy, and they also show the growth of the economy. The fundamentals are hoggish domestic help product (gross domestic product), real gross domestic product, nominal gross domestic product, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and kindle rate.Defining the fundamentalsGross Domestic point of intersection is the total market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a one-year period (Colander, G-3). GDP calculation is very important beca accustom it calculates the growth, decline, or stand still have the economy. When the GDP is calculate, it is base on previous numbers not future numbers. For example, the GDP is +2%, which core a growth of 2% for the previous year. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of final goods and services produced in an economy, stated in the outlays of the giver year (Colander, G-7). Real GDP is an inflation measure of the production of goods and services in the economy. It reflects price changes throughout the year. The real GDP is base more on realistic numbers instead of a guess. The calculation is more accurate concerning the gross domestic product for the previous year. Nominal gross domestic product is calculate at existing prices.Nominal GDP does not reflect inflation and is known as current dollar GDP. Nominal GDP can either be higher or lower than the GDP. When nominal GDP is calculate without reflecting inflation, which can show a higher growth in the economy when it is lower or at a standstill. Unemployment rate is the percentage of battalion in the economy who are willing and able to work nevertheless who are not working (Colander, G-9). The unemployment rate is calculate every month, and it shows the people who are looking fo r work. This rate does not include individual like the elderly, people working only a few hours a week or people who do not send resumes into different business. The unemployment rate shows that based on the number of people in the united States, a certain percentage is actively looking for work but has not found work.Inflation direct is the percentage rate of change in price over a certain period usually a year. The inflation rate is calculate using last year price for a particular item to determine how much it will cost. Inflation rate determines the price of many things that include the price of the dollar. When individual calculates the inflation rate, it can help others determine if it is better to buy certain products today or later. Interest Rate is the price paid for the use of financial asset (Colander, G-4). Interest rate is a certain percentage that an individual has to pay on borrowing money or purchasing something. The interest rate is base on the credit score and th e item purchase. The rate can go from universe a very low number to as high as 10 percent.Purchasing of GroceriesThe purchase of groceries affects government, mobs, and business routine. The government determines the tax placed when sign of the zodiac purchase groceries. Every household in the United States purchase groceries to survive. The businesses are affected by grocery purchase through the purchase. The business is affected by the purchases made because it shows what is organism purchase more and what is being purchase less. The flow of resources take place in continues circular motion. The groceries are receive by the business from the topical anaesthetic food processing plants. The employees at the local business placed the items on the shelves and groceries are ready for sell. The household members purchase the groceries from the business and pay the taxes government placed on the items. This continues to take place daily and will always continue.Massive layoff of emp loyeesThe flow of resources takes place, and it affects businesses in both good and bad ways. Most business can employee the previous laid-off employees to allow taxes to be paid. When businesses are not able to employ more employees, unemployed do not demand good and services. When employees are layoff, there is no income coming into the household. The household is affected because there is no income, which in return means less good and service that can be purchase. When massive layoffs of employees take place in the economy, it affects government because they are paying unemployment benefits, Medicaid, and giving food stamps and more welfare to those eligible.Decrease in taxesWhen the government decides to decrease tax, it affects everyone differently. Government is affected in a good way, but it occurs in the long-run supply and demand curve. The government is losing more because taxes are lower but more money is being receive. In the long-run supply and demand, the government re ceives more money because the household is purchasing more good and services. The household is excite because more money is coming into the household because taxes are lower. The lower the tax, the more income, which mean more good and services are being purchase. Businesses are excite because more goods and services are being purchase. The flow of resources occurs and is affected in the long-run supply and demand curve.ReferencesColander, D.C. (2010). Macroeconomics (8th ed.) Boston, MA McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Music Concert Report Essay

On Wednesday May 8th I attended a steel call concert for the first time. Experiencing new unison is something that I like to do, so when it was assigned to attend a concert I was pretty excited. When I attended the concert I was greeted with many surprises. boilersuit attending Erie Community Colleges steel band concert was a with child(p) socialize eye opening experience.Before attending the steel band concert I was not sure what to expect. When I heard the words steel band I thought of a band with tubas and trumpets, not of a band with Caribbean type steel drums. As soon as the band members started to play I was shocked, in a good way. I was expecting boring euphony not Caribbean type unison that wanted to make dance. My favorite song the band played was a song by Steve Butters called Dont looking back. The Steve Butters song was my favorite because it was so surprising hearing that type of music played by a band here at E.C.C.. The music really reminded me of Caribbean type music because of the sound of the steel drums, it made me feel happy as if I was on a vacation. Not being uncovered to this type of music made the experience so much better because it was something new and foreign.All in all the steel band concert was an entertaining and eye opening experience. In the future I would definitely like to attend another steel band concert. The vibe of the concert was a great one making it a cool place to be.

Lifestyle Overview Essay

The depot was originally used by Austrian psychologistAlfred Adler(1870-1937). The term was introduced in the 1950s as a derivative of that ofstyleinmodernist art. The term refers to a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors. actual factors relate specifically todemographic variables, i. an individuals demographic profile, whereas intangible factors concern the psychological aspects of an individual such(prenominal) personal values, preferences, and outlooks. (4sk content) Peoples lifestyles atomic number 18 affected by different factors, such as Individual Identity, Health, Environment and Technology. (5sk Individual identity) A lifestyle typically reflects an individuals attitudes, values orworld view. Therefore, a lifestyle is a means of forging a sense ofselfand to create culturalsymbolsthat resonate with personal identity.Not all aspects of a lifestyle argon voluntary. adjoin social and technical systems can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able to project to others and the self. The lines between personal identity and the allday behavior that point a particular lifestyle become blurred in modern society. For example, green lifestyle means holding beliefs and engaging in activities that take in fewer resources and produce less harmful waste (i. e. smallercarbon footprint), and deriving a sense of self from holding these beliefs and engaging in these activities. virtuallywhat commentatorsargue that, inmodernity, the cornerstone of lifestyle construction is consumption behavior, which offers the possibility to create and further individualize the self with different products or services that signal different ways of life. Lifestyle whitethorn include views on politics, religion, health, intimacy, and more. All of these aspects play a role in shaping someones lifestyle.In themagazineandtelevisionindustries, lifestyle is used to describe a category of publications or programs. (6 sk Health) An individuals health depends a lot on their lifestyle. Maintaining visible and mental health are crucial to an individuals longevity. The more time spent on hygiene, physical fitness, and diet regulation, the healthier lifestyle they have. Those who chose to participate in each kind of physical activity on a weekly basis are generally healthier than those who dont. Mental illness may go by through various variables.For example, depression may promote mental illness through stress and anxiety. Reasons for being depressed can be due to a number of things including job loss, recently widowed, divorce, etc. Depression may lead to or increase the frequency of poor habits not promoting physical health. Poor habits may eventually lead to a poor even dangerous lifestyle. More interestingly, a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle will most probably to be transmitted across generations. According to the study done by Case et. l (2002), it discovered that when a 0-3 year old child ha s a mother who practices a healthy lifestyle, this child will be 27% more likely to become healthy and adopt the same lifestyle. For instance, high income parents are more likely to eat organic food, have time to exercise and provide the best living condition to their children. On the other hand, low income parents are more likely to participate in unhealthy activities such as smoking to help them release poverty-related stress and depression. Parents are the first teacher for every child.Everything that parents do will be very like to be transferred to their children through the learning process. (7sk environment) There are two types of environment for a lifestyle genius and social. Natural environment is the conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates. an individual dedicated to this prefers to walk to close places, recycles plastic, papers, cants, etc. In an individuals lifestyle some of this natural environment is needed, fresh air, clean water, clean home, clean neighbourhood and a clean example for those at home.Those who are nature involved judge to plant flowers, vegetables and other crops in their backyard and are extremely strict on how to organize their household waste and uses positive and proactive ways to environmental sustainability. sociable environment is totally different. Social Environment includes an individuals living and working conditions, income level, educational background, community and religious beliefs if they have any. In a social environment in that respect are certain expectations from one self or from those around. expectations like success and wanting the best.Along withsuccesscome a lot of stress. If there is failure, thence there may be mood swings and disappointment. In order for this not to happen, there are better ways to avoid disappointment and failure brass section and structure is the main key element. (8sk engine room) Technology and diversity have greatly changed the lives of people in soc iety. Technology has positive and disconfirming effects on our periodic lives. However, the positivity and negativity of technology depends on how much we use it and how much we are exposed to it.In other words, our lifestyle controls our use of technology, while technology influences our lifestyles. To begin, technology has changed the fields of agriculture, manufacturing, warfare, transportation, information, medicine, communication, among others. Technology has also made it easier for other factors to affect our lifestyles, such as the media. All in all, technology has made our lives much easier, whence we no longer are required to live vigorous lifestyles that, in the past, contributed to the decline in our health.On the other hand, technology has complicated umpteen lives and has many negative effects. Technology has the power to deliver media to us that can change our values and views on the world, which in return will change our lifestyles. Also, technology has negative e ffects on the environment such as pollution. Because of technology such as the computer and the television, Americans have a much moresedentary lifestyle, which leads to health complications and issues.